by Tim Crook

Here are some horrible
truths:
Most radio drama is very badly written. Radio drama is an endangered
species. It has never taken a hold of mainstream programming on commercial radio
in the UK. It used to be the mainstream in the States and Australia but lost out
to TV in the middle to late fifties.
It is under threat within public radio services including the BBC because of
the pressure of monetarist ideology and the fact that authors and radio drama
directors have been too complacent. IRDP is a significant oasis and continues to
support the principle of the original play.
Ground rules
The Beginning
The beginning is everything. If this part of it does not work you are 'up
shit creek without a paddle'. Your listeners will desert you. You have failed.
You do not exist as a dramatist. Booo!
The Moment of
Arrival
This is how you drop your listeners into the story. Don't give them a warm
bed with comfortable pillows and a hot water bottle. The background and sub-text
of previous histories is better explored through revelation in dramatic action.
So parachute your listener into a top dramatic moment. Not the climax. That
would be premature. Find the MOMENT to join the story. Avoid the slow snail's
explicatory route. Kick 'em into a high energy trip and whoosh them through the
rapids.
Structure
Set up...struggle...resolution. You can reverse this if the set-up is more
dramatic and explosive than the resolution. Regard your play as a series of
phases
The Plot
This is the story with lots of twists and turns. The more the merrier. Most
listeners like good exciting plots. Without a good plot you're eating a souffle
that has gone flat. You need plot, more plot and more plot. Run at least two
story lines. Two sub plots would be interesting. Keep the plots linked logically
within the same play. The best system is a major and a minor storyline linked
to one another. Get them to come together at the end.
Surprise
People are hungry for entertainment. If they wanted boredom they would be
filling out their tax returns instead of listening to your radio play. Make
people afraid, but also excited.
Character
Your main character must have the sympathy of the audience. Your audience
has to identify with your main character. If this does not happen you have
created a failure. Booo!
Conflict
Drama = conflict = audience. There has to be an emotional, financial,
human, moral, physical struggle so your listeners can laugh or cry. Yes, you
want your listeners to laugh or cry or laugh and cry. If you don't, give up.
Polarities or
Extremes
The art of story telling is exploring the extreme limits of our
psychological or physical existence. To pitch one polarity against another.
The Climax
I apologize for the sexual metaphor. But there is something in this. The
better sex has foreplay, development, sustained excitement, surprise and
affection, nay love followed by an explosion of ecstasy. Good radio drama is not
all that different. If you don't use it, you lose it.
Dialogue
This is how we engage dramatically with the world. Characters inform, argue,
amuse, outrage, argue through the ebb and flow of dialogue. When we do we talk
and that is how great radio plays are made.....by talking in dramatic dialogue.
Atmosphere /
Ambience
This sets the emotional spirit of the play. It determines whether your
listeners believe in the world that you have created. Worlds are not created by
dramatic dialogue alone. There is attitude and atmosphere. This is determined
by detail and relevant detail. It could be in a sound effect. It could be in
the writing. It could be in the music. It could be in everything. But the result
is that the fifth dimension of radio writing - the imagination of the listener
- is stimulated to become a picture palace of the mind.
Emotion
Got to be there. You have to generate an emotional response from the
audience....preferably to the main character....also not so strongly in relation
to the other characters. Emotion = love, hate, admiration. Never mind about the
type of emotion.....concentrate on whether it is there or not. Emotional
connection between the writing and the listener = good radio drama.
Balance
Character and Plot
You have to have both. You cannot trade. One can predominate over the other.
Where they are balanced equally....it can only work if characterisation relates
to plot development. If your main plot is character intensive, make sure that
your minor plot is plot intensive.
Purpose
Crook's golden rule is that every word, every line, every scene must serve
a dramatic purpose in terms of characterisation and plot development. Drop
anything that does not have a dramatic purpose.
Tension and
Humour
To stop the listener dropping off or switching off, maintain the tension
always and throw in the humour. Tension, humour, tension, humour, tension
humour...like the foxtrot..Make the emotional rhythm of the play dance on the
listener's heart and mind. Charm and alarm, charm and alarm. But they've got to
be linked. Your character uses humour to react to the tension in the scene or
play. Keep one character who uses humour to deal with difficult situations. Make
sure the humour is verbal. Slapstick belongs to a different type of play or
entertainment. Make sure you do not have characters taking it in turns to be
funny. This is not stand up comedy or sitcom. Make sure that the character who
uses humour has a consistent sense of humour.
Get your
listener inside the world of your play. How?
a. Sympathy or empathy with the main character.
b. A bloody good set up.
c. A big, nasty antagonist or villain.
d. Great Plot...Great Story....twists and turns.
e. Crisis at the beginning is dramatic and a great start.
f. Emotional intensity. Hit some high points.
g. Escalating conflict so the structure climbs with tension and humour.
h. Strike the colours with detail so there's an atmosphere, mood...ambience.
I. Modulate charm with alarm...humour with tension...tension with
humour...funny policeman nasty policeman.
j. Surprise, surprise...that's what you do to the listener, through the
plot.
The principle
of developing scenes
- Introduction.
- Character one...goal and objective.
- Character two...goal and objective.
- Purpose of scene in overall plot.
- One of the characters achieves a goal.
- Link to the next scene by introducing or pointing to location of next
scene or presence of character in next scene.
Question marks
in the mind of the listener. Always keep one, better two or three
The Principle
of Character
- Believable and recognisable.
- Purpose within the plot.
- Characters have to have function. Character has to be consistent with
function.
- Characters have to be intentional.
- Start with a stereotype to ensure rapid recognition, then twist the
stereotype. Challenge the homily that there is nothing new under the sun by
making it new under the moon.
- Give each character a dominant physical or behavioural characteristic.
Make the dominant characteristic purposeful. Make it extreme.
- Your main character must be active.
- Active character / urgent plot. The character's energy has to fight the
urgency of the plot and the urgency of the plot makes the character more
energetic.
The principle
of Hero / Heroine
- Listeners look up to main characters, want to admire them because we all
want heroes and heroines in our lives. Life's eternal fantasy that transcendent
people and transcendent moments conquer adversity.
- If you are very clever you can transfer the hero from the obvious to the
humble and make great the inferior or character who has greater potential for
human dignity.
- Charisma. Characters need intensity and conviction. They may not be
perfect but they are attractive. You cannot identify with people who are unlike
ourselves...too perfect, no beliefs...take themselves too seriously...lack a
sense of humour..
- Give your characters private moments when they drop their guards and allow
us into their minds and hearts. Make the listener privileged. Use this moment
for revelation.
- The main character has to change and has to be changed by the plot.
- You must have a main character and secondary characters. Your main
character changes. Your secondary characters are probably more singular in their
characteristics. Your secondary characters are already committed. Your main
character is still weighing up the options.
- You must have characters who are extreme in relation to each
other...characters that are different make drama.
Where are we
now?
Well, we should be here....
a. The main character is in the middle of the story.
b. You've used dominant characteristics.
c. The listener likes the main character.
d. The listener cares what happens to the main character.
e. The listener hates the antagonist.
f. The main character is developing.
Principles of
Dialogue
a. Dialogue must be a response to a situation, plot or action.
b. Dialogue must be a response to each character in the scene.
c. Dialogue must be comic relief.
d. Dialogue must connect to the next scene.
e. Avoid reflective, passive and neutral. Go for active, and direct and
emotional.
f. Dialogue must be believable by being specific...by being specific to the
character's background and emotional state.
g. If dialogue is reacting to action or situation then it must be dramatic
and poised on polarities. The goals of the characters in each scene should be
different.
h. Dialogue should be continuous. Tip...characters often take a tag by
repeating the last word spoken by the first character.
i. Dialogue must relate to function.
j. You can mix direct with indirect between two characters because they have
different goals.
k. Humorous dialogue is not a character telling a joke but a line or lines
responding to the dramatic situation.
l. Heightened dialogue vs naturalistic dialogue. Heightened language is the
language of the theatre...high octane communication...poetic,
philosophical...charged..the expression of the playwright...It serves not only
the development of the plot and character, but it also presents the view of the
writer. Works well in radio. But there is now a tendency for more naturalism.
Radio producers like to go out on location and explore realism. In these
situations you must stick to natural dialogue.
Principles
peculiar to Radio
- The inner existence.
- The tension and conflict between the interior and exterior.
- More psychological.
- Easier to explore the real and the surreal and to delineate the line
between the two.
- Have to work in the fifth dimension...the energy of the listener's
imaginative participation.
- The interior existence offers exploration of personal thoughts,
fantasies, emotions and conflicts.
- All levels of external conflict can be explored.
- The precipitating event through plot has to threaten the inner life of the
main character. This is the kick-off in radio drama.
- The end or resolution in radio drama is more deeply rooted in the
emotional equilibrium and insight of the main character. Changes are internal as
well as external.
- Time transposition and translocation are faster and more rapid and more
complicated. Flashbacks...flashforwards... different ages.
- Radio requires less rather than more characters. Characterisation needs to
be strong and fascinating.
- Maintain the focus of the main character and plot.
- Economy of words underlines subtextual surprise and engagement with the
listener's imagination.
- Wit is vital because language is so important...cleverness with
words...energy with words..humour with words...Wit is advanced by surprising the
listener...being aggressive with the listener..being fast, short and clever with
the listener.
- Irony is pathos and bathos. It's conflict between the inner life and
outer action.
Other radio
drama producers in the world
Norway: NRK kulturkanalen, P2 RODD- 0340, Oslo, Norway.
Swedish Radio, SR S-105 10 Stockholm, Sweden.
YLE Finnish Broadcasting Company Radio, PO Box 79 FIN-00024 Yleisrdio,
Finland.
HR, Hessischer Rundfunk Bertramstrasse 8, 60320 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
DR Danmarks Radio, Radio Drama Department, Ewaldsgade 3-9, DK 2200,
Copenhagen N Denmark.
ABC Australia, ABC Ultimo Centre, Level 5, 700 Harris Street, Ultimo NSW
2007.
CBC-SRC, Radio Drama Department, Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada MSW 1E6
SDR Suddeutscher Rundfunk, Neckarstrasse 230, 70190, Stuttgart, Germany.
Radio Television Hong Kong, Broadcasting House, m 30 Broadcast Drive,
Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Other radio drama producers, SABC, South Africa, Los Angeles Theatre
Works, LA, California, Public Radio, New Zealand.
TIM CROOK'S BOOK RADIO DRAMA IS PUBLISHED BY
ROUTLEDGE

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